Object: Pole Screen, c. 1770-1780
with late 19th –early
20th century needlepoint
Accession #: 1984.0051
Pole Screen in Wilton's Parlor |
Earliest known screens occurred in China in the 2nd century B.C.E.and were made
of mica or glass panels,and were used to “permit
a sheltered enjoyment of a view.” Some may have been carved and inlaid with
jade, painted with landscapes, texts, memorable events or simple scenes of
everyday activity. Japanese screens were characteristically of six panels with
a landscape spread across the whole instead of each frame being independent of
the others like the Chinese screens. Screens developed in Europe out of
necessity to protect against drafts and the large fires of the Middle Ages. Metal
was avoided in the construction of these screens as the heat would make them
too hot. They were generally made of wood and covered with a variety of
materials; wallpaper,
textiles, and leather were among the most popular materials.
British Cheval Fire Screen, ca. 1730-1740
Metropolitan Museum of Art
(acc#: 64.101.1154)
|
Not only were there the smaller screens on
tripod feet like this Chippendale Mahogany pole screen but also ones known as
“cheval screens” which stood on a pair of feet and four legged “horse” screens. There were also larger standing screens with up to twelve leaves, which could be
unfolded to cover a wide space or collapsed as necessary. These were usually set
up against a door for facilitating with the blocking of cold drafts and "provided the occupants of a room with a measure of
privacy." Smaller table top screens blocked drafts that made candles
sputter and melt uneven.
By the 1860's, when heating stoves were used to warm rooms, the fire screen became a more
decorative piece by placing it in front of an empty fireplace. However, during the
18th century when the Randolph family was living at Wilton, pole screens
similar to this one were used for protecting those sitting near a fire from the
extremity of the heat as well as the sparks that tended to fly out from these
fires. Guests and other occupants of the house would enjoy the warmth provided
by the fire but not be sweltering. Come to Wilton and see this fire screen as
well as some of the other comforts enjoyed by the Randolphs
and their guests at this elegant Georgian home.
Bibliography
Anderson, Joseph. The Encyclopedia of Furniture.
Crown Publisher’s Inc. New York: 1965.
Prown, Jonathan and Ronald L. Hurst. Southern Furniture:
1680-1830, The Colonial
Williamsburg
Collection. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Williamsburg: 1997.
“Fire Screen”. Ingenious Inc. 8 August 2014. <http://buffaloah.com/f/glos/f/firescreen.html>
Image Credit
http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/203857